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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stromfunktion</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Stromfunktion</b> (Formelzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span>, <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> L² T<sup>−1</sup>) ist in der <a href="Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik" title="Strömungsmechanik">Strömungsmechanik</a> ein analytisches Hilfsmittel zur Lösung der Bewegungsgleichungen in ebenen, stationären Strömungen <a href="Inkompressibilit%C3%A4t" title="Inkompressibilität">inkompressibler</a> <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">Fluide</a>. Die Annahme der Inkompressibilität ist für Flüssigkeiten bei moderaten Drücken und für Gasströmungen weit unterhalb der Schallgeschwindigkeit eine häufig sinnvolle Näherung. Aus <a href="Differentialrechnung#Ableitungsfunktion" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitungen</a> der Stromfunktion ergibt sich das Geschwindigkeitsfeld, das dann automatisch wie bei einem inkompressiblen Fluid divergenzfrei ist. Die Höhenlinien, auf denen der Wert der Stromfunktion konstant ist, stellen <a href="Stromlinie" title="Stromlinie">Stromlinien</a> dar, was namensgebend für diese Funktion ist. Das Konzept der Stromfunktion kann in Form der <a href="Stokessche_Stromfunktion" title="Stokessche Stromfunktion">Stokes’schen Stromfunktion</a> auch auf <a href="Achsensymmetrie#Rotationskörper" title="Achsensymmetrie">achsensymmetrische</a> Strömungen angewendet werden.
</p><p>Ist die Strömung <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">viskositäts</a>- <i>und</i> wirbelfrei, wie in <a href="Potentialstr%C3%B6mung" title="Potentialströmung">Potentialströmungen</a>, dann ist die Stromfunktion der imaginäre Teil des komplexen <a href="Geschwindigkeitspotential" title="Geschwindigkeitspotential">Geschwindigkeitspotentials</a>. Dieser Artikel setzt weder Viskositäts- noch Wirbelfreiheit der Strömung voraus.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Betrachtet wird eine ebene, dichtebeständige und stationäre Strömung mit einem ortsabhängigen aber nicht zeitabhängigen weil stationärem Geschwindigkeitsfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}})\,.}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d1b5b0817a01f26e681364e118352261adf1ea1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}})\,.}" loading="lazy"></span> Der <a href="Einheitsvektor" title="Einheitsvektor">Einheitsvektor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
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</p><p>Dann ist die Stromfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Funktion, aus der sich die Geschwindigkeit mit den Ableitungen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z})=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}\quad \Rightarrow \quad v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\,,\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\,.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z})=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}\quad \Rightarrow \quad v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\,,\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\,.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8afe1d6fb44e60e217f946ac87215381c7caaf9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:61.806ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z})=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}\quad \Rightarrow \quad v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\,,\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet. Die Operatoren „rot“ und „grad“ stehen für die <a href="Rotation_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation (Mathematik)">Rotation</a> bzw. den <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradient</a> und das Rechenzeichen „ד bildet das <a href="Kreuzprodukt" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzprodukt</a>. Die linke Gleichung ist von dem in der Ebene gewählten Koordinatensystem unabhängig während die rechten ein <a href="Kartesisches_Koordinatensystem" title="Kartesisches Koordinatensystem">kartesisches Koordinatensystem</a> voraussetzen, in dem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{x}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/704b7ad1ece77840fde455daa6d2e51e64282b5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.3ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Geschwindigkeitskomponente in x-Richtung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{y}}">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften_von_mit_Stromfunktionen_beschriebenen_Strömungen"><span id="Eigenschaften_von_mit_Stromfunktionen_beschriebenen_Str.C3.B6mungen"></span>Eigenschaften von mit Stromfunktionen beschriebenen Strömungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stromlinien">Stromlinien</h3></div>
<p>Der Gradient der Stromfunktion ist wegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5c32e8890d5cc346e6b6860f69454a95646e199.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.39ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>senkrecht zur Geschwindigkeit. Die Geschwindigkeit ist <a href="Per_definitionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Per definitionem">per definitionem</a> auf jeder Stromlinie tangential zu ihr, so dass sich der Wert der Stromfunktion auf einer Stromlinie nicht ändert. Das berechnet sich auch aus der Definition der Stromlinie und einem ihrer <a href="Linienelement" class="mw-redirect" title="Linienelement">Linienelemente</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {v}}\mathrm {d} t\,,}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\parallel \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b71576e250cf397048c7ad334b2d828eff36547.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.25ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\parallel \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder, gleichbedeutend, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aacd21dadd8ac1dbf93e7099d7522a9197bcb4d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.899ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}){\hat {e}}_{z}=\mathrm {d} \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}=&{\vec {0}}\\\Rightarrow \quad \mathrm {d} \psi ={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\mathrm {d} x+{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\mathrm {d} y=&0\,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}){\hat {e}}_{z}=\mathrm {d} \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}=&{\vec {0}}\\\Rightarrow \quad \mathrm {d} \psi ={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\mathrm {d} x+{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\mathrm {d} y=&0\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4066da1f18febaa34c68f0f5e5bf8f8a4ccd42dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:62.946ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\times \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}){\hat {e}}_{z}=\mathrm {d} \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}=&{\vec {0}}\\\Rightarrow \quad \mathrm {d} \psi ={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}\mathrm {d} x+{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}\mathrm {d} y=&0\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Entlang einer Stromlinie ist der Wert der Stromfunktion also konstant.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kritische_Punkte_der_Stromfunktion">Kritische Punkte der Stromfunktion</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Kritischer_Punkt_(Mathematik)" title="Kritischer Punkt (Mathematik)">kritischen Punkten</a> der Stromfunktion verschwindet ihr Gradient, dessen Komponenten die Geschwindigkeitskomponenten sind. In den kritischen Punkten der Stromfunktion herrscht also Stillstand. Wegen der <a href="Haftbedingung" title="Haftbedingung">Haftbedingung</a> ist das in linear-viskosen Fluiden auf Wänden überall der Fall. Betrachtet werden deshalb nur kritische Punkte im Fluid abseits von Wänden. Ist der kritische Punkt ein <a href="Extrempunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrempunkt">Extrempunkt</a> (kein <a href="Sattelpunkt" title="Sattelpunkt">Sattelpunkt</a>), dann sind die Höhenlinien der Stromfunktion, also die Stromlinien, in seiner Umgebung geschlossene Kurven. Ein Maximum der Stromfunktion wird gegen den Uhrzeigersinn, ein Minimum im Uhrzeigersinn umströmt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dichtebeständigkeit"><span id="Dichtebest.C3.A4ndigkeit"></span>Dichtebeständigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Wenn das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer ebenen Strömung durch eine Stromfunktion gegeben ist, dann gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {div(rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z}))=0\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {div(rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z}))=0\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9da8ba3f5035e3fefb5cae0abcf745e34a11f1d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.693ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {div(rot} (\psi {\hat {e}}_{z}))=0\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>denn jedes Rotationsfeld ist divergenzfrei. Der Operator „div“ berechnet die <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes</a>. In einer divergenzfreien Strömung verschwindet auf Grund der <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Massenbilanz" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">Massenbilanz</a> überall die <a href="Substantielle_Ableitung" title="Substantielle Ableitung">substantielle Zeitableitung</a> der Dichte, die daher mindestens zeitlich konstant ist. In einem inkompressiblen Fluid ist die Dichte auch räumlich konstant und das Strömungsfeld jedenfalls divergenzfrei. Die Annahme der Inkompressibilität ist für Flüssigkeiten bei moderaten Drücken und für Gasströmungen weit unterhalb der Schallgeschwindigkeit eine häufig sinnvolle Näherung.
</p><p>Eine divergenzfreie Strömung enthält weder Quellen noch Senken, so dass unter den gegebenen Voraussetzungen Stromlinien im Inneren der Flüssigkeit weder beginnen noch enden können. Die Stromlinien sind also entweder geschlossen oder laufen auf den Rand.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation_der_Strömung"><span id="Rotation_der_Str.C3.B6mung"></span>Rotation der Strömung</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Rotation_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation (Mathematik)">Rotation</a> des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes hat im ebenen Fall nur eine Komponente senkrecht zur Ebene<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>F 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot(grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}))=\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi ))\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}-\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot(grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}))=\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi ))\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}-\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93e866319942a7da21257444180796582c093273.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:77.222ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\operatorname {rot(grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}))=\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi ))\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}-\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>denn die Ableitung der Stromfunktion senkrecht zur Ebene verschwindet und somit auch ihr Gradient in dieser Richtung. Das Symbol „<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32769037c408874e1890f77554c65f39c523ebe2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta }" loading="lazy"></span>“ bezeichnet den <a href="Laplace-Operator" title="Laplace-Operator">Laplace-Operator</a>. Speziell in kartesischen Koordinaten berechnet sich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\left({\frac {\partial v_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial v_{x}}{\partial y}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=\left(-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mi>z</mi>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\left({\frac {\partial v_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial v_{x}}{\partial y}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=\left(-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8cf67599624685aae66e777e3f320ddc0cb017a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:60.392ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=\left({\frac {\partial v_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial v_{x}}{\partial y}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=\left(-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In wirbelfreien Strömungen, wie es Potentialströmungen sind, gilt also die <a href="Laplace-Gleichung" title="Laplace-Gleichung">Laplace-Gleichung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =0\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =0\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/786067fbb2a0eb325cb6665102352670fbc4734b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.744ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =0\,.}" loading="lazy"></span> Hierauf wird, wie eingangs angekündigt, an dieser Stelle nicht weiter eingegangen, sondern auf die Artikel zum Geschwindigkeitspotential und zur Potentialströmung verwiesen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumenstrom_zwischen_Stromlinien">Volumenstrom zwischen Stromlinien</h3></div>
<p>Der Volumenstrom zwischen zwei Stromlinien ist überall gleich. Dies wird anhand zweier Stromlinien gezeigt, auf denen die Stromfunktion die Werte <i>ψ</i><sub>0</sub> bzw. <i>ψ</i><sub>1</sub> annimmt. Um den Volumenstrom zu berechnen, der zwischen diesen beiden Stromlinien hindurchtritt, wird eine Linie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d79d9c39afa39dc3b78b4ac6421518981de4aab4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.229ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Bogenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]\,,\;\psi ({\vec {x}}(0))=\psi _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]\,,\;\psi ({\vec {x}}(0))=\psi _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/64eeaa0f869501c76e73290e05d9ad2c5bfce2dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.47ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]\,,\;\psi ({\vec {x}}(0))=\psi _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {x}}(l))=\psi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {x}}(l))=\psi _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a72dc23c6f6a776213a6386ce538c005766dddcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.821ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi ({\vec {x}}(l))=\psi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert, die also auf der einen Stromlinie beginnt und auf der anderen Stromlinie endet, siehe Bild. Die Parametrisierung mit der Bogenlänge bewirkt, dass <i>l</i> die Länge der Kurve ist und der Tangentenvekor den Betrag eins hat: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}'(s)|=1\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}'(s)|=1\,.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25786bf1caf2c7f9aef46ab45304b9b233b4819a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.503ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\vec {x}}'(s)|=1\,.}" loading="lazy"></span> Der Volumenstrom <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {v}}_{01}}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>01</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {v}}_{01}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72a0638bf619e2072ab7fc8ddede5f12b831b816.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.103ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {v}}_{01}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der über diese Linie tritt, berechnet sich mit einem <a href="Kurvenintegral" title="Kurvenintegral">Kurvenintegral</a> und der Normale an die Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\vec {x}}'\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>z</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\vec {x}}'\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59d6f76659578e84bd8ff2e36b774d21cb1d722a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.641ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\vec {x}}'\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {v}}_{01}=&\int _{0}^{l}{\vec {v}}\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\underbrace {{\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {n}}} _{{\vec {x}}'})\cdot \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\mathrm {d} s\\=&\int _{0}^{l}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \underbrace {{\vec {x}}'\mathrm {d} s} _{=\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}=\int _{{\vec {x}}(0)}^{{\vec {x}}(l)}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=\int _{\psi _{0}}^{\psi _{1}}\mathrm {d} \psi =\psi _{1}-\psi _{0}\,.\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>l</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
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<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {v}}_{01}=&\int _{0}^{l}{\vec {v}}\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\underbrace {{\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {n}}} _{{\vec {x}}'})\cdot \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\mathrm {d} s\\=&\int _{0}^{l}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \underbrace {{\vec {x}}'\mathrm {d} s} _{=\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}=\int _{{\vec {x}}(0)}^{{\vec {x}}(l)}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=\int _{\psi _{0}}^{\psi _{1}}\mathrm {d} \psi =\psi _{1}-\psi _{0}\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e36a49a6e27f1cf7d57c30acce0ec1c8646aae06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -8.171ex; width:69.974ex; height:17.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\dot {v}}_{01}=&\int _{0}^{l}{\vec {v}}\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\hat {n}}\mathrm {d} s=\int _{0}^{l}(\underbrace {{\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {n}}} _{{\vec {x}}'})\cdot \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\mathrm {d} s\\=&\int _{0}^{l}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \underbrace {{\vec {x}}'\mathrm {d} s} _{=\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}=\int _{{\vec {x}}(0)}^{{\vec {x}}(l)}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}=\int _{\psi _{0}}^{\psi _{1}}\mathrm {d} \psi =\psi _{1}-\psi _{0}\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Unabhängig vom speziellen Kurvenverlauf ist der Volumenstrom zwischen zwei Stromlinien überall gleich. Wenn die Linie auf derselben Stromlinie startet und endet, dann verschwindet der über sie hinweglaufende Volumenstrom. Wenn die gewählte Linie ein Stück einer Stromlinie ist, dann zeigt sich, dass an keiner Stelle einer Stromlinie Fluid über sie hinwegströmt. Eine Stromlinie wirkt wie eine undurchdringliche Wand.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bestimmungsgleichungen_für_die_Stromfunktion"><span id="Bestimmungsgleichungen_f.C3.BCr_die_Stromfunktion"></span>Bestimmungsgleichungen für die Stromfunktion</h2></div>
<p>Nicht jede Stromfunktion repräsentiert eine physikalisch realistische Strömung. Damit die Stromfunktion im Einklang mit den physikalischen Gesetzen ist, muss sie bei Viskositätsfreiheit den <a href="Eulersche_Gleichungen_(Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersche Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)">Euler-Gleichungen</a> und bei linearer <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">Viskosität</a> den <a href="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen#Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen_für_inkompressible_Fluide" title="Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen">Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen</a> gehorchen, aus denen sich – wie sich zeigt – die Stromfunktion unabhängig vom Druck berechnen lässt. In einem konservativen Schwerefeld gestaltet sich die Suche nach der Stromfunktion besonders einfach. Der Druck im Fluid kann dann aus der Stromfunktion abgeleitet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viskositätsfreie_Fluide"><span id="Viskosit.C3.A4tsfreie_Fluide"></span>Viskositätsfreie Fluide</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Eulersche_Gleichungen_(Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersche Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)">Euler-Gleichungen</a> liefern über die Bildung der Rotation eine Gleichung für die Stromfunktion:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\\\Rightarrow \quad [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>rot</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\\\Rightarrow \quad [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c70e368d6785410bbc34b52d73254a64cf7f6c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:45.247ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\\\Rightarrow \quad [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die letzte Gleichung muss die Stromfunktion erfüllen, damit sie eine physikalisch realistische Strömung beschreibt.
</p>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<tbody><tr>
<td>Beweis
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ausnutzung der <a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoranalysis#Grassmann-Entwicklung" title="Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis"> Grassmann-Entwicklung</a>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a0223d370180cb22e40a6f82fe523d658404e37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:39.04ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}={\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>zeigt bei der Bildung der Rotation in den Euler-Gleichungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=\operatorname {rot} \left({\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})\right)\\=&\operatorname {rot(rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {v}})\,,\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=\operatorname {rot} \left({\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})\right)\\=&\operatorname {rot(rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {v}})\,,\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f531274017c94b480c39335a43892af77bf5bac5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.005ex; width:72.395ex; height:9.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {rot} \left(\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}}+{\frac {1}{\rho }}\operatorname {grad} (p)\right)=\operatorname {rot} \left({\frac {1}{2}}\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}}\cdot {\vec {v}})-{\vec {v}}\times \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})\right)\\=&\operatorname {rot(rot} ({\vec {v}})\times {\vec {v}})\,,\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>denn Gradientenfelder sind immer rotationsfrei. Mit der Produktregel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/975e3e53dea05ff89f3a94c7266b32bf96668082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:59.43ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>entwickelt sich daraus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}-\underbrace {\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))} _{=0}{\vec {v}}+\underbrace {\operatorname {div} ({\vec {v}})} _{=0}\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})-\underbrace {\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})} _{={\vec {0}}}\\=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}\,,\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
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<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
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<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</munder>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}-\underbrace {\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))} _{=0}{\vec {v}}+\underbrace {\operatorname {div} ({\vec {v}})} _{=0}\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})-\underbrace {\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})} _{={\vec {0}}}\\=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}\,,\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5106720fa61e874b873dbe38cdd62ffabe18caa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:71.232ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}-\underbrace {\operatorname {div} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))} _{=0}{\vec {v}}+\underbrace {\operatorname {div} ({\vec {v}})} _{=0}\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})-\underbrace {\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})} _{={\vec {0}}}\\=&\operatorname {grad} (\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}\,,\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>denn Rotationsfelder sind immer divergenzfrei und der Geschwindigkeitsgradient besitzt keine Komponente in ê<sub>z</sub>-Richtung. Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,\;{\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,\;{\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3671e492faaaefc2b5334acd139295efa070362.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.515ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} {\vec {v}}=-\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}\,,\;{\vec {v}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Identität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (f{\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (f)\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
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<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (f{\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (f)\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d665a10dd24c12d5a2a5aee0a31c2e81cc70c52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.793ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (f{\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (f)\,,}" loading="lazy"></span> worin „⊗“ das <a href="Dyadisches_Produkt" title="Dyadisches Produkt">dyadische Produkt</a> bildet, liefert das:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\vec {v}}=[{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\\=&[\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})]{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>grad</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\vec {v}}=[{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\\=&[\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})]{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dff09927f64ebd8fba2afbfd5c559e2d540d7b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:60.699ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}-\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}=&\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot {\vec {v}}=[{\hat {e}}_{z}\otimes \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})\\=&[\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})]{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9372608f92896e338caa4a444b0fc46dcda8ea6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.849ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In kartesischen Koordinaten berechnet sich speziell
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\left({\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\left({\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6652d313286ed72e47ae3be85f1aa7ebff0e9047.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:51.061ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\left({\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}\right){\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auf der rechten Seite der Gleichung steht in den großen Klammern die <a href="Poisson-Klammer" title="Poisson-Klammer">Poisson-Klammer</a> der Stromfunktion <i>ψ</i> mit Δ<i>ψ</i>.
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In einem konservativen Beschleunigungsfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ccd4b98d198d6538010ae815ee1199baabd3493.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wie das Schwerefeld eines ist, kann
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} \,V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} \,V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cea022c69d829edfa4af4c410c10cafaa3aecb05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.595ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} \,V}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit einem <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a> <i>V</i> angenommen werden. Ein solches Beschleunigungsfeld ist rotationsfrei: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} \,{\vec {k}}={\vec {0}}\,.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rot</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} \,{\vec {k}}={\vec {0}}\,.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46fabb57660e379aed07b7ccdfb75121f6c81d68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.259ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} \,{\vec {k}}={\vec {0}}\,.}" loading="lazy"></span> Umgekehrt existiert nach dem <a href="Poincar%C3%A9-Lemma" title="Poincaré-Lemma">Poincaré-Lemma</a> bei jedem rotationsfreien Vektorfeld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ccd4b98d198d6538010ae815ee1199baabd3493.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein solches Potential. Dann reduziert sich die obige Bestimmungsgleichung für die Stromfunktion auf die Bedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )={\vec {0}}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )={\vec {0}}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a29448c4d3c05780a90edbb8656f455e0811faa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.774ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )={\vec {0}}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =f(\psi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =f(\psi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95c2d8ee234880ce450c6eec7d77821f38e29233.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.149ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =f(\psi )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und einer <i>beliebigen</i> Funktion <i>f</i> immer erfüllt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (f(\psi ))=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} \psi }}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (f(\psi ))=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} \psi }}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/005a3684b3a9784a4655e0fb2d069d14165ffb34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:75.141ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (f(\psi ))=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} \psi }}\operatorname {grad} (\psi )={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die Funktion <i>f</i> gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten<sup id="cite_ref-Bestehorn74_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestehorn74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:
</p>
<ul><li><i>f</i>=0 liefert die <a href="Laplace-Gleichung" title="Laplace-Gleichung">Laplace-Gleichung</a>, die auf die rotationsfreien Potentialströmungen führt.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\psi )=-c^{2}\psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\psi )=-c^{2}\psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62dca2b2c200ed652219896fcb33dd019ae5ec02.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.082ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\psi )=-c^{2}\psi }" loading="lazy"></span> liefert die <a href="Helmholtz-Gleichung" title="Helmholtz-Gleichung">Helmholtz-Gleichung</a>, die von Wellenfunktionen der Form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=A\cos(c{\hat {e}}\cdot {\vec {x}})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=A\cos(c{\hat {e}}\cdot {\vec {x}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/453b2cc3f0a3f026aa00944972f9559370da8554.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.298ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=A\cos(c{\hat {e}}\cdot {\vec {x}})}" loading="lazy"></span> mit beliebigem Einheitsvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}\,,\;{\vec {x}}=(x,y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}\,,\;{\vec {x}}=(x,y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/068e090e6ae2c94702e03dd5cd94dfbac560bf9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}\,,\;{\vec {x}}=(x,y)}" loading="lazy"></span> und beliebiger Amplitude <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>A</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> gelöst wird. Eine Überlagerung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> solchen Wellen mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}=(\cos \alpha _{n},\sin \alpha _{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}=(\cos \alpha _{n},\sin \alpha _{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfd9552fd4ba02ffd2c3ecb66b093894a6c189d7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.386ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}=(\cos \alpha _{n},\sin \alpha _{n})}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{n}=\pi (n-1)/N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{n}=\pi (n-1)/N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a53d217044518589f8cdf502f88e2beccbd9e7e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.569ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{n}=\pi (n-1)/N}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie gleichen Amplituden <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt parallele Streifen, periodisch rechts und links drehende Wirbel oder bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N>3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N>3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58142fc1b68b5bceaaf94ee3a3c997f2aa45367c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N>3}" loading="lazy"></span> kompliziertere Strukturen, die eine <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eacbd5b0e609e1f3d7da751ac0d50113d27d22aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.226ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2N}" loading="lazy"></span>-zählige Rotationssymmetrie aufweisen. Erhält jede der summierten Wellen eine eigene, zufällig gewählte Amplitude <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann können sich unregelmäßige Wirbelstrukturen ergeben. Die Funktionen „sin“ und „cos“ berechnen den <a href="Sinus_und_Cosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus und Cosinus">Sinus und Cosinus</a>.</li>
<li>Der Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\psi )=e^{-2\psi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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</msup>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\psi )=e^{-2\psi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5938c16ac55a15061b71fa8bb920a0b5715cb96d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.186ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\psi )=e^{-2\psi }}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Eulersche_Zahl" title="Eulersche Zahl">eulerschen Zahl</a> <i>e</i> liefert die <i>Stuart-Gleichung</i>, die eine exakte Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(c\cosh y+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
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<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(c\cosh y+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b814b69548060ade605a5f647df0c476ef671e1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.472ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(c\cosh y+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos x)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <i>c</i> ≥ 1 besitzt, die mit dem <a href="Nat%C3%BCrlicher_Logarithmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natürlicher Logarithmus">Natürlichen Logarithmus</a> „ln“, dem <a href="Sinus_hyperbolicus_und_Kosinus_hyperbolicus" title="Sinus hyperbolicus und Kosinus hyperbolicus">Cosinus hyperbolicus</a> „cosh“ und der bereits oben vorkommenden Cosinusfunktion „cos“ gebildet wird. Diese Stromfunktion stellt eine in x-Richtung verlaufende Wirbelstraße dar, deren Wirbeldichte von der Konstanten <i>c</i> bestimmt wird, siehe das Beispiel unten.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_viskose_Fluide">Linear viskose Fluide</h3></div>
<p>Die Stromfunktion kann auch in ebenen Strömungsproblemen inkompressibler <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">linear-viskoser Fluide</a> angewendet werden<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, in denen die Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen gelten. Es ergibt sich eine nicht-lineare Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\\\Rightarrow \quad \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}=&{\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\\\Rightarrow \quad \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}=&{\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a689c9a434e172d7b93b998d4c518c26b068e988.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:51.128ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=&\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\\\Rightarrow \quad \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}=&{\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die obere Gleichung ist vom Koordinatensystem in der Ebene unabhängig und die untere ergibt sich im Fall eines kartesischen Koordinatensystems. Der Materialparameter ν ist die <a href="Kinematische_Viskosit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematische Viskosität">kinematische Viskosität</a> und wenn diese verschwindet, ergibt sich die Bestimmungsgleichung im Fall der viskositätsfreien Fluide.
</p>
<table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Beweis
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wie im Abschnitt <a href="#Bestimmungsgleichungen_für_die_Stromfunktion">#Bestimmungsgleichungen für die Stromfunktion</a> oben berechnet sich in kartesischen Koordinaten:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&\operatorname {grad(rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}=\{-\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}]\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&\{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
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<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&\operatorname {grad(rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}=\{-\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}]\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&\{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ae59c05c12a0aa2615310f329a7f2754e7693c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:71.468ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&\operatorname {grad(rot} ({\vec {v}}))\cdot {\vec {v}}=\{-\operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z})\cdot [\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z}]\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\\=&\{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ferner wird
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})=-\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})=-\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2155a0ce7161d7492e978d87d0d99c780b3b22e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.869ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {v}})=-\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bereitgestellt. Bildung der Rotation in den Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen für inkompressible Fluide liefert im stationären Fall:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&-{\frac {1}{\rho }}\underbrace {\operatorname {rot(grad} (p))} _{={\vec {0}}}+{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\\\rightarrow \{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}=&-{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&-{\frac {1}{\rho }}\underbrace {\operatorname {rot(grad} (p))} _{={\vec {0}}}+{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\\\rightarrow \{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}=&-{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0396f5d5e3a5fcebbe6cd1b18c48a666855b3c38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.049ex; margin-bottom: -0.289ex; width:74.493ex; height:13.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {rot(grad} ({\vec {v}})\cdot {\vec {v}})=&-{\frac {1}{\rho }}\underbrace {\operatorname {rot(grad} (p))} _{={\vec {0}}}+{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\operatorname {rot} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\\\rightarrow \{[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}\}{\hat {e}}_{z}=&-{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}\Delta \Delta \psi {\hat {e}}_{z}+\operatorname {rot} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Skalarprodukt mit ê<sub>z</sub> liefert mit der <a href="Kinematische_Viskosit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinematische Viskosität">kinematischen Viskosität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\tfrac {\mu }{\rho }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\tfrac {\mu }{\rho }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d940353c48a3099082ba6b588b86d600dbda4d8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.158ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\tfrac {\mu }{\rho }}}" loading="lazy"></span> das gesuchte:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rot</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d3ed983c37f3d010d4e962ff395a11e67b2c7a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.273ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +[\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times \operatorname {grad} (\Delta \psi )]\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}=\operatorname {rot} ({\vec {k}})\cdot {\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Auswertung der Gradienten und der Rotation in kartesischen Koordinaten führt auf:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ν<!-- ν --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8412b9517b78ce7e4144cf7d5576ea1dd0b9fe78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:45.731ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \Delta \Delta \psi +{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}{\frac {\partial \Delta \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial k_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial k_{x}}{\partial y}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Das System aus drei Gleichungen (Impulsbilanz und Massenbilanz) mit drei Unbekannten (zwei Geschwindigkeiten und der Druck) ist also auf eine nicht-lineare Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung zurückgeführt. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass Randbedingungen die Stromfunktion eindeutig bestimmen und eine Lösung immer existiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Randbedingungen">Randbedingungen</h3></div>
<p>Ein Strömungsfeld kann nur bei festen Wänden stationär sein. Die Randbedingungen werden entlang von Linien vorgegeben, die – analog zum Abschnitt über den Volumenstrom – mit Kurven <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d79d9c39afa39dc3b78b4ac6421518981de4aab4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.229ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Bogenlänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fa2d4660b2142550c498892f908fed5d4f26f22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\in [0,l]}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert werden. Dann lautet der Tangenteneinheitsvekor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{t}={\vec {x}}'(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{t}={\vec {x}}'(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c73d73f39c477d87409e8dfeb16c75aededa57f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.13ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {e}}_{t}={\vec {x}}'(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Normale der Linie in der Ebene <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {e}}_{t}\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {e}}_{t}\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c757a093938daf0d47222fe5d5dfcece21f5d5b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.744ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {n}}={\hat {e}}_{t}\times {\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Fließt nirgends Fluid über die Linie, dann ist sie ein Teil einer Stromlinie und die Linie stellt gleichzeitig eine Wand dar.
</p><p>Die <a href="Dirichlet-Randbedingung" title="Dirichlet-Randbedingung">Dirichlet-Randbedingungen</a> geben den Wert der Stromfunktion entlang einer solchen Linie vor und es folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {e}}_{t}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {n}}\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {v}}=-v_{\text{norm}}\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>norm</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {e}}_{t}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {n}}\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {v}}=-v_{\text{norm}}\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8d02159a5d34af6ba78e191555594a12bd610522.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:75.595ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {e}}_{t}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {n}}\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})=-{\hat {n}}\cdot {\vec {v}}=-v_{\text{norm}}\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weswegen mit Dirichlet-Randbedingungen die Geschwindigkeit senkrecht zu Linien festgelegt wird. Ist der Wert der Stromfunktion auf der Linie konstant, dann ist die Linie ein Teil einer Stromlinie und die Normalkomponente der Geschwindigkeit verschwindet entlang der Linie.
</p><p>Die <a href="Neumann-Randbedingung" title="Neumann-Randbedingung">Neumann-Randbedingungen</a> geben die Ableitungen der Stromfunktion senkrecht zu Linien vor:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {n}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {e}}_{t})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot {\vec {v}}=v_{\text{tang}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tang</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {n}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {e}}_{t})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot {\vec {v}}=v_{\text{tang}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fd6ef87217a70ee56b016ecf69f70046205da80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:70.031ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot {\hat {n}}=\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\cdot ({\hat {e}}_{z}\times {\hat {e}}_{t})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot (\operatorname {grad} (\psi )\times {\hat {e}}_{z})={\hat {e}}_{t}\cdot {\vec {v}}=v_{\text{tang}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch die Neumann-Randbedingungen wird also die Geschwindigkeitskomponente tangential zur Linie vorgegeben. Wenn die Linie eine Wand ist, dann ist bei linear-viskosen Fluiden die <a href="Haftbedingung" title="Haftbedingung">Haftbedingung</a> zu beachten, der zufolge die Geschwindigkeit an einer Wand auch in tangentialer Richtung verschwindet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bestimmung_des_Drucks">Bestimmung des Drucks</h2></div>
<p>In einer mit einer Stromfunktion beschriebenen Strömung ist die Dichte konstant und der Druck ergibt sich daher nicht aus einer Zustandsgleichung der Form p = p(ρ), sondern allein aus der Impulsbilanz in Form der Euler-Gleichung oder den Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen und den Randbedingungen, d. h. aus dem bereits berechneten Geschwindigkeitsfeld.
</p><p>In der hier vorliegenden ebenen Strömung lautet die <a href="Eulersche_Gleichungen_(Str%C3%B6mungsmechanik)#Inkompressibler_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulersche Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)">Bestimmungsgleichung für den Druck</a> bei Viskositätsfreiheit des Fluids in einem kartesischen Koordinatensystem:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta p=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})-\rho \sum _{i,j=1}^{2}{\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})+2\rho {\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-2\rho \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta p=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})-\rho \sum _{i,j=1}^{2}{\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})+2\rho {\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-2\rho \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/960cf4ec142a2242c579fd7a46697ead40c1355c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:72.488ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta p=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})-\rho \sum _{i,j=1}^{2}{\frac {\partial v_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}}{\frac {\partial v_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}}=\rho \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})+2\rho {\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}-2\rho \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In einem konservativen Beschleunigungsfeld mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} (V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} (V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4e21b4224594c039bec9e004d6da3acb3a455c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.631ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}=-\operatorname {grad} (V)}" loading="lazy"></span> kann hier <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})=-\operatorname {div(grad} (V))=-\Delta V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})=-\operatorname {div(grad} (V))=-\Delta V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01f875056329f7a5a8d0896f80d324b5a0d5ccc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.213ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} ({\vec {k}})=-\operatorname {div(grad} (V))=-\Delta V}" loading="lazy"></span> eingesetzt werden.
</p><p>Bildung der Divergenz in den Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen für inkompressible Fluide liefert mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta (\operatorname {div} {\vec {v}})=0\,:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta (\operatorname {div} {\vec {v}})=0\,:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14255501608f0088dc6f80a2bde8c1793317cd41.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.6ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})=\Delta (\operatorname {div} {\vec {v}})=0\,:}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho \operatorname {div} \left({\frac {\mathrm {D} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {D} t}}\right)=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\mu \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\\=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mi>div</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho \operatorname {div} \left({\frac {\mathrm {D} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {D} t}}\right)=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\mu \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\\=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7b5e3e32581a710ca475537b3216b4efcdf57d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:52.404ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho \operatorname {div} \left({\frac {\mathrm {D} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {D} t}}\right)=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\mu \operatorname {div} (\Delta {\vec {v}})+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\\=&-\operatorname {div(grad} (p))+\rho \operatorname {div} {\vec {k}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und die rechte Seite der Gleichung ist identisch zu der in den Euler-Gleichungen. Damit gilt die obige Bestimmungsgleichung für den Druck auch für linear-viskose Fluide.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Es wird eine in der x-y-Ebene laufende Strömung betrachtet, die in einem kartesischen Koordinatensystem die Stromfunktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(f(x,y))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(f(x,y))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/abc6c799972d0922d7f285198f38c83b39c4f40f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.296ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x,y)=\ln(f(x,y))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p> mit
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x,y)=c\cosh(y)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x,y)=c\cosh(y)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7359e7354b53061f8b2252fdc65ba98f6370fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.333ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x,y)=c\cosh(y)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>mit <i>c</i> > 1 besitzt, worin „ln“ den <a href="Nat%C3%BCrlicher_Logarithmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Natürlicher Logarithmus">Natürlichen Logarithmus</a>, „cosh“ den <a href="Sinus_hyperbolicus_und_Kosinus_hyperbolicus" title="Sinus hyperbolicus und Kosinus hyperbolicus">Cosinus hyperbolicus</a> und„cos“ den <a href="Sinus_und_Cosinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus und Cosinus">Cosinus</a> bildet. Weiter unten werden noch die entsprechenden Sinusfunktionen „sinh“ und „sin“ auftauchen, die zusammen mit den Cosinusfunktionen in den genannten Artikeln erläutert werden. Die Integrationskonstante <i>c</i> reguliert die Wirbeldichte.<sup id="cite_ref-Bestehorn74_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bestehorn74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>L 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die interessierende Stromfunktion ist eine Lösung der Stuartgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =e^{-2\psi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =e^{-2\psi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/be3d6b2185e1bd54088a71b7910a7be166359ad3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.034ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \psi =e^{-2\psi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und ist daher im Einklang mit den physikalischen Gesetzen. Weil die <a href="Exponentialfunktion" title="Exponentialfunktion">Exponentialfunktion</a> keine Nullstelle besitzt, verschwindet die Rotation in keinem Punkt der Strömung. Diese Stromfunktion beschreibt demnach eine verwirbelte Strömung, siehe Bild.
</p>
<p>Wegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (x,-y)=\psi (x,y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (x,-y)=\psi (x,y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27fd48c3929722552a9d1bca4aca2383b8c381a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.59ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (x,-y)=\psi (x,y)}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Stromlinien symmetrisch zur x-Achse. Zwischen zwei Punkten mit den Koordinaten (x,-y) und (x,+y) verschwindet der Volumenstrom unabhängig von den Werten von x und y. Anders ausgedrückt strömt auf der y-Achse zwischen (0,y) und dem Ursprung genauso viel Fluid von der linken Halbebene in die rechte wie zwischen dem Ursprung und dem Punkt (0,-y) von der rechten Halbebene in die linke.
</p><p>Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld berechnet sich aus den Ableitungen der Stromfunktion:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}={\frac {c\sinh(y)}{f(x,y)}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)}{f(x,y)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>sinh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}={\frac {c\sinh(y)}{f(x,y)}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)}{f(x,y)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b49fd57517ba22715f5d4f4b38e6a4f9fa340eff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:59.485ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{x}={\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial y}}={\frac {c\sinh(y)}{f(x,y)}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad v_{y}=-{\frac {\partial \psi }{\partial x}}={\frac {{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)}{f(x,y)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>An den Stellen, wo die Geschwindigkeit verschwindet, hat die Stromfunktion kritische Punkte. Diese kritischen Orte liegen bei y = 0 und x = ±n π, n = 0,1,2,… und sind im Bild mit schwarzen Punkten markiert. In den kritischen Punkten hat die Stromfunktion die Werte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (\pm n\pi ,0)=\ln \left(c\cosh(0)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(\pm n\pi )\right)=\ln \left(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (\pm n\pi ,0)=\ln \left(c\cosh(0)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(\pm n\pi )\right)=\ln \left(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4493a33b263fe1b993617d5e672143fc0cb2c7b8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:73.753ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (\pm n\pi ,0)=\ln \left(c\cosh(0)+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(\pm n\pi )\right)=\ln \left(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Wert für gerades <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> wird auf den roten Stromlinien angenommen und der Wert für ungerades <i>n</i> nur an einzelnen, isolierten Punkten dazwischen. Die Koeffizienten der <a href="Hesse-Matrix" title="Hesse-Matrix">Hesse-Matrix</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0607ad3e175b7cc04d41ce37666fe1840649e759.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:23.658ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi ={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}&{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnen sich mit der Stromfunktion zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}=&{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}=&{\frac {c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)\sinh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}=&{\frac {c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sinh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}=&{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}=&{\frac {c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)\sinh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}=&{\frac {c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4c735013545094d39fd0c00e9388415d2af744a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -10.171ex; width:42.69ex; height:21.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x^{2}}}=&{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial x\partial y}}=&{\frac {c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\sin(x)\sinh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial y^{2}}}=&{\frac {c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}\cos(x)\cosh(y)}{f^{2}(x,y)}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In den kritischen Punkten nimmt die Hesse-Matrix die Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-(-1)^{n}c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
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</mtd>
<mtd>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>c</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<msup>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-(-1)^{n}c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff05a70c9f6f11531af788b7e7cf19b36b3f86fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:51.844ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-(-1)^{n}c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+(-1)^{n}{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an. Bei geradem <i>n</i> ist die Hesse-Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}">
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1731421305f946b96fab36c01b6310b8245769c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.316ex; margin-bottom: -0.189ex; width:43.155ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}-c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wegen c > 1 <a href="Definitheit" title="Definitheit">indefinit</a> und es liegt ein <a href="Sattelpunkt" title="Sattelpunkt">Sattelpunkt</a> vor. Bei ungeradem <i>n</i> ist die Hesse-Matrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<msup>
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<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff23c601c9ba9aec803c29ee132ce6e0bfe63feb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.316ex; margin-bottom: -0.189ex; width:43.155ex; height:10.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\psi (\pm n\pi ,0)={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}{(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}}}&0\\0&{\frac {c}{c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>positiv definit und es liegt ein Minimum vor. Daher werden diese Punkte im Uhrzeigersinn umströmt. Die positive Definitheit ergibt sich aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<{\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
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<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</mrow>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0<{\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7970221b1a21dfe294e138d3096a080507ca20a6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:21.593ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<{\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}<1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}={\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}={\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ff96aa0b0dcf147590fe568b31033a562cbb354.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.404ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}={\frac {1}{c+{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>weswegen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
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<msqrt>
<msup>
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<mo><</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0<c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/550eb92dc01e4fd59aa4a0f74bda3aa67684b698.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.757ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}}<1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<1-(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}=2(1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0<1-(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}=2(1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95788b50c488178977a43c24b7fb02ab9c61d7f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.731ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<1-(c-{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})^{2}=2(1-c^{2}+c{\sqrt {c^{2}-1}})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Formelsammlung_Tensoranalysis" title="Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis">Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>M. Bestehorn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Hydrodynamik und Strukturbildung</cite>. Springer, 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-33796-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>72<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stromfunktion&rft.au=M.+Bestehorn&rft.btitle=Hydrodynamik+und+Strukturbildung&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540337966&rft.pages=72ff&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ralf Greve: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Springer, 2003, ISBN 3-540-00760-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Stromfunktion&rft.au=Ralf+Greve&rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540007601&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fußnoten"><span id="Fu.C3.9Fnoten"></span>Fußnoten</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="F">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hier wird die Produktregel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/975e3e53dea05ff89f3a94c7266b32bf96668082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:59.43ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rot} ({\vec {f}}\times {\vec {g}})=\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {f}})\cdot {\vec {g}}-\operatorname {div} ({\vec {f}}){\vec {g}}+\operatorname {div} ({\vec {g}}){\vec {f}}-\operatorname {grad} ({\vec {g}})\cdot {\vec {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=\operatorname {grad} \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=\operatorname {grad} \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93329058ccb0ee048ae8ab2a81e1a2f5492dab42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.193ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=\operatorname {grad} \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}={\hat {e}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}={\hat {e}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef1c2c9dbab1dc0f18770aaead482cb72bcddc67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.566ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {g}}={\hat {e}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Identität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} \circ \operatorname {grad} =\Delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>div</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} \circ \operatorname {grad} =\Delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d14bf97480955bbfd99200677d43f3396c534beb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.667ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {div} \circ \operatorname {grad} =\Delta }" loading="lazy"></span> ausgenutzt.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="L">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bestehorn (2006), S. 72</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bestehorn74-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bestehorn74_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bestehorn74_3-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bestehorn (2006), S. 74f</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">R. Rannacher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ganymed.math.uni-heidelberg.de/~lehre/notes/num3/numerik3.pdf"><i>Numerische Mathematik 3, Numerik von Problemen der Kontinuumsmechanik.</i></a> (PDF) Vorlesungsskriptum WS 2004/2005. 16. Mai 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">S. 132 ff.</span>,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 4. November 2015</span> (deutsch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AStromfunktion&rft.title=Numerische+Mathematik+3%2C+Numerik+von+Problemen+der+Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.description=Numerische+Mathematik+3%2C+Numerik+von+Problemen+der+Kontinuumsmechanik&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fganymed.math.uni-heidelberg.de%2F%7Elehre%2Fnotes%2Fnum3%2Fnumerik3.pdf&rft.creator=R.+Rannacher&rft.language=deutsch"> </span></span>
</li>
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